Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1 (Diabetes)

Diabetes mellitus (type 1), also called diabetes, is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes differs from type 2 diabetes in that it is totally dependent on insulin due to a sharp progressive reduction, or complete destruction, of the natural insulin production. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 - 10% of all diabetes cases.

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

The six most common symptoms of diabetes (type 1) are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased feeling of thirst), dry mouth, increased appetite, fatigue and weight loss.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a potentially life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes. It is often in such a seizure that people are first diagnosed with the disease. The symptoms and clinical signs of such a complication are dry skin, frequent breathing, drowsiness, abdominal pain and vomiting.

It is proven that up to 12 percent of those with type 1 diabetes suffer from clinical depression.

Clinical signs

As mentioned above under 'symptoms'.

Diagnosis and cause

The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. It is believed that the cause of diabetes (type 1) lies in epigenetics, genetics and genetic modification. The diagnosis is made based on symptoms, clinical signs, a thorough history and examination of blood sugar levels.

Who is affected by the disease?

It is estimated that around 22 million are affected on a global basis. The disease is increasing and an increase of 3 per cent has been seen annually.

Treatment

Due to the total lack of insulin production, people suffering from this disorder will need insulin supply for the rest of their lives. Work is being done on stem cell treatment to treat this disease - i.a. an animal study in 2014 which showed that the treatment resulted in the production of beta cells. More and larger studies are needed before the technique can be used on humans, but it looks promising.

Also read: - Complete overview of autoimmune diseases